Pathogenicity test

simple way to test pathogen in host plant

you have fungus

blender it 

inoculated it in plant ,

after few days see the symptom in inoculated plant

Fe deficiency

deficiency of iron in corn

Ascomycetes

              Members of the class Ascomycetes are diverse. They range from unicellular yeasts to powdery mildews, cottony molds, and large complex “cup” fungi. In the latter, the hyphae are tightly packed and form a cup-shaped structure.

           During sexual reproduction, the ascomycetes form a sac called an ascus. The ascus forms where sexually opposite hyphae have fused. Within the sac a number of ascospores form, and each can reproduce the entire fungus.
Within the Ascomycetes class is the yeast Saccharomyces. This organism is used in fermentation processes and baking. The producer of penicillin, Penicillium, is also in this class, as is Aspergillus a producer of citric acid, soy sauce, and vinegar. The chestnut blight and Dutch elm diseases are caused by ascomycetes.

 The following pictur represent some of the Ascomycetes plant disease

 Apothecium

Apothecium

cleistothecium

perithicium

Why Insects Become Pest ?

Accidental of International introduction to areas outside their native range

 

 

What is Plant Pests

Plant pests, from a farmer's point of view, are those living organisms which reduce the productivity of crops, either:

– directly by eating them or

–indirectly by spreading diseases among them.

 

 

 

 

Crop loss due to reductions in yield and quality, and plant death. 

 

Rubber crops

Grown for their latex e.g Havea brassillensis (rubber) 

Oil crops

Contains useful oil in their seeds. Include castor beans, corn, cotton, ground nut, soybean, sunflower etc. 

Sugar crops

Crops grown for their sweet juice. Include sugar cane and sugar beets from which sucrose can be extracted and crystallized. May also include corn as a source of dextrose.

honey as rooting helper

 

This experiment conducted ,in course project by saed Al Maktomi ,,the aim to see the effect of honey as rooting helper

Forage crops

Many animal feeds are derived from the vegetable matter, either fresh or preserved. Grasses and legumes are examples.

Root crops

Crops with swollen underground roots. Cassava, carrot (daucus carota l.) And sugar beets are examples. 

wild plant :Shu'a

Common name:Shu'a:

Scientific name: Moringa peregrine

The Shu'a has graceful branches and scented flowers, which attract many insects species. The fruits are traditionally harvested for their oil for medicinal use. Although naturally occurring on dry steep slopes of the lower mountains, this tree grows well in any environment. It is best suited to open spaces.

The Shu'a is the easiest of all tree to grow. The seeds should be collected when they are ripe and sown in the final position of the tree. They germinated and appear within a few days of sowing. Avoid strong fertilizer or over watering

wild plants :Sarh

Common name: Sarh

Scientific name: Maerun crassifolia

This tree can grow to about 9m in height. One of the main trees of the plains, it is very palatable to animals and its thorns are not as sharp as those of the simr. Its beautiful flowers provides nectar for honey bees and butterflies when other trees are not in flower. In many areas it is suffering severe decline through  overgrazing.

Grow from seeds which remain in pods on the trees for some time, or transplant young seedlings which can be found under any tree where birds have roosted and dropped the seeds.

disease triangle

Disease is dependent on three components: host, pathogen and

environment.  The area within the triangle is the interaction of these

components referred to as disease.

Bacterial disease

Kingdom: Prokaryotes
Division: Rrmtcutes (Gram +)

Ciavibacter cause bacterial wilts ...